EASY BEE-ZY KNOCK OUT Not Confusable with OSO EASY and OSO EASY PEASY for Live Plants, Says TTAB

In a "modern-day War of the Roses," the Board dismissed an opposition to registration of the mark EASY BEE-ZY KNOCK OUT for “live plants,” concluding that confusion is not likely with the registered marks OSO EASY and OSO EASY PEASY for live plants. The Board found that "the dissimilarity of the marks and the slight weakness of Opposer’s marks" outweighed the other DuPont factors. Spring Meadow Nursery, Inc. v. The Conard-Pyle Company, Opposition No. 91291336 (January 12, 2026) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Jennifer L. Elgin).

Opposer pleaded seven registrations but the Board focused on only two of them: OSO EASY for “live plants” and OSO EASY PEASY for “live plants excluding barley and peas in any form,” because they are "most similar to Applicant’s mark and goods." "If we find a likelihood of confusion as to either of these marks and the associated goods, we need not find it as to Opposer’s other marks. Conversely, if we do not find a likelihood of confusion as to either of these marks, we would not find it as to Opposer’s other marks."

Opposer attempted to prove that its marks are commercially strong under the fifth DuPont factor, but it failed to provide sufficient context for its sales and advertising figures to allow the Board to make that finding. The Board concluded that the marks are of "average commercial strength." Under the sixth factor, the Board found Opposer’s marks OSO EASY and OSO EASY PEASY, to be inherently distinctive, "although their conceptual strength is somewhat limited by the conceptual weakness of the term EASY as it pertains to the ease of growing and maintaining the shrubs."

Since applicant's goods and those of the two registrations are identical or overlap, the Board presumed that the overlapping goods travel in the same trade channels to the same classes of consumers. Moreover, a lesser degree of similarity between the marks is therefore needed to conclude that confusion is likely.

Turning to the marks, the Board found that OSO EASY and OSO EASY PEASY are "inseparable unitary phrases with an unusual spelling of 'oh so,' both imparting to the consumer that growing and caring for the plants is very easy." "Applicant’s mark begins with the phrase EASY BEE-ZY, which, despite some phonetic similarity to a portion of Opposer’s unitary marks, ends with the incongruous phrase KNOCK OUT." "[It] includes a hyphen setting off BEE and ZY, and so the mark specifically directs consumers to understand that the shrubs attract bees as pollinators."

Applicant argued that consumers will likely focus on the KNOCK OUT portion of its mark because it is part of a “family” of KNOCK OUT marks. Although it is "well-established that the family of marks doctrine is not available to overcome a Section 2(d) refusal in an ex parte proceeding," the Board ruled [without citing any legal support] that "evidence of a family of marks also supports the distinctiveness of a defendant’s mark, or a portion thereof (such as KNOCK OUT), in a Section 2(d) analysis." Other evidence of applicant's use of the term KNOCK OUT with other rose plants also supported the argument that the KNOCK OUT portion of applicant's mark is distinctive.

We conclude that the inclusion of the term KNOCK OUT in Applicant’s mark significantly contributes to the other differences we have identified in the marks. In sum, we find that the similarities in appearance, sound, meaning, and overall commercial impression are outweighed by the marks’ significant dissimilarities, particularly considering the limited scope of protection of Opposer’s OSO EASY marks, and in spite of the similarities in goods and channels of trade. The first DuPont factor weighs against a finding of likelihood of confusion.

The Board then determined that the dissimilarity of the marks and the slight weakness of Opposer’s marks outweighed the other DuPont factors. Because opposer failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that confusion is likely, the Board dismissed the opposition.

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TTABlogger comment: I have no problem with the result, but question the Board's resort to external evidence to show the distinctiveness of the phrase KNOCK OUT. Moreover, isn't KNOCK OUT inherently distinctive anyway?

Text Copyright John L. Welch 2026.

CAFC Affirms TTAB: SAZERAC STITCHES Confusable With SAZERAC for Houseware Store Services

In a nonprecedential ruling, the CAFC upheld the TTAB's decision [pdf here] affirming a Section 2(d) refusal of the mark SAZERAC STITCHES for retail store services featuring an array of household items, including furniture, lighting fixtures, and candle holders, in view of the registered mark SAZERAC for, among other things, “Online retail store services featuring distilled spirits, beverage glassware, cocktail accessories, T-shirts, caps, postcards, and cocktail recipe books." The Board had focused on the first three DuPont factors in its analysis; the CAFC ruled that substantial evidence supported the Board's findings of fact, and it affirmed the Board's ultimate conclusion. In re Laurel Designs, Inc. Appeal No. 2024-1203 (Fed. Cir. January 13, 2026) [not precedential].

The CAFC reviews the Board’s weighing of the DuPont factors de novo but reviews the Board’s factual findings on each DuPont factor for substantial evidence. In re Charger Ventures LLC, 64 F.4th 1375, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2023). 

In evaluating the second and third factors, the Board acknowledged that the products offered by the parties were not identical. However, "the services in the application versus 'the Cited Registration do not have to be identical or directly competitive to support a finding of a likelihood of confusion.'" The evidence showed that "at least ten third-party providers of online retail store services" feature applicant's goods and registrant's goods "all under the same mark."

In light of that evidence, the Board that "consumers are used to seeing the types of goods featured by [Laurel Designs] and the cited registrant offered under a single mark via online retail store services,” and therefore, “the similarity or dissimilarity of established, likely-to-continue trade channels . . . favor[ed] a finding of likelihood of confusion.”

Accordingly, there is substantial evidence in the record to support the Board’s fact finding that ten online retailers carrying goods found in both the Application and the Cited Registration supported a finding of likelihood of confusion, and we see no legal error in its analysis.

As to the marks, applicant argued that the Board did not consider its mark as a whole, but the CAFC observed that "[i]t is not improper for the Board to determine that, for rational reasons, it should give more or less weight to a particular feature” of a mark."

[W]e determine that the Board weighed SAZERAC STITCHES in its entirety and did not legally err by making a reasonable factual determination that SAZERAC is “dominant in [SAZERAC STITCHES] because it is the first term and the element most likely to be remembered.”

Finally, in weighing the DuPont factors, the Board ruled that "[s]ince the Board’s factual findings for each DuPont factor considered are supported by substantial evidence, and all factors favored a likelihood of confusion, we affirm the Board’s ultimate conclusion.

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TTABlogger comment: The cited registration is owned by Sazerac Brands, an alcoholic beverage company.

Text Copyright John L. Welch 2025.

TTABlog Test: Is BLACK SWAN for Vodka Confusable with BLACK SWAN for Wine?

[This is a guest blog post authored by Karen Gover, an associate in the litigation department at Wolf Greenfield]. The USPTO refused to register the proposed mark BLACK SWAN in standard characters and in the word-and-design form shown below [VODKA disclaimed], both for “vodka.” It found confusion likely with the registered mark BLACK SWAN (in standard characters), for “wines” because the word marks are identical, and vodka and wine are closely related, being commonly sold in the same trade channels under the same mark. Examining Attorney Linda Lavache also noted that vodka is sometimes made from wine grapes, and that vodka and wine are mixed in some cocktails. Applicant Robert Sulic pointed out that just because tomato juice and celery are essential ingredients in a Bloody Mary, and vodka and milk are mixed in a White Russian, does not make those ingredients intrinsically related. Applicant argued that the Board’s precedential decision in In re White Rock Distilleries Inc., 92 USPQ2d 1282 (TTAB 2009) [TTABlogged here], in which it found that vodka and wine were unrelated, should govern. How do you think this came out? In re Robert Sulic, Serial Nos. 79375327 & 79375609 (January 7, 2025) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Thomas L. Casagrande).

The Board first compared the marks in their entireties. As to the standard character marks, because they are identical and both are arbitrary, “the first Dupont factor weighs heavily against the applicant.” The Board disagreed with Applicant’s argument that the commercial impression of the word-and-design mark is dominated by the design, and pointed out that the image of a black swan simply strengthened the impact of the literal terms BLACK SWAN, and that the remaining elements (the castle and landscape) do little, “serving simply as a backdrop to the swan.”

Next, the Board conducted an analysis of the similarity or dissimilarity of the goods: vodka and wine. While it noted that both are alcoholic beverages, that is not itself dispositive because the category “alcoholic beverages” is a broad one. However, the Board pointed to the evidence that the Examining Attorney placed into the record that wines and vodka are used in several mixed drinks. It batted away Applicant’s reductio ad absurdum argument regarding the non-related ingredients of Bloody Marys and White Russians as merely “rhetorical.”

The Board also considered the Examining Attorney’s evidence that over a dozen companies sell both wine and vodka under one mark, and the eighteen third-party registrations to use the same mark for both types of goods, as indicative that consumers are likely to perceive vodka and wine as related. The Board found that the third-party evidence alone “is more than sufficient to show that vodka and wine are related in a manner that bears on source identification.” Third-party evidence showing that consumers can buy vodka and wine via the websites of companies that make both also contributed to the Board’s finding that “the trade channels overlap at least to that extent.”

The Applicant urged the Board to follow its prior decision in White Rock Distilleries, but to no avail. The Board agreed with the Examining Attorney that its prior finding as to the unrelatedness of vodka and wine does not control:

Market circumstances are not static. They change and evolve over time. In addition, the USPTO “is required to examine all trademark applications for compliance with each and every eligibility requirement ….” In re Cordua Rests., Inc., 823 F.3d 594, 600 (Fed. Cir. 2016). Together these two principles mean that no prior decision’s factfinding controls a case with different facts and evidence.

Taking all of the relevant factors together—identity of the word marks; the word-and-design mark being “very similar”; the consumer view of vodka and wine as related; and the overlapping trade channels, the Board had “no difficulty” concluding that confusion was likely, and affirmed both refusals.

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TTABlogger comment: Is this a WYHA?

Text Copyright Karen Gover 2026.

TTAB Finds TURNKEY STORAGE Merely Descriptive of Self-Storage Facilities, Noting that "Trademarking" is not a Verb

The Board affirmed a Section 2(e)(1) mere descriptiveness refusal of the proposed mark TURNKEY STORAGE for the service of providing self-storage facilities [STORAGE disclaimed], rejecting applicant's claim of acquired distinctiveness. The testimony of applicant's expert witness was given little weight, partly because he committed the cardinal sin [at least in my book] of using the term "trademarking" as a verb. In re Turnkey Storage, LLC, Serial No. 97796315 (December 8, 2025) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Lawrence T. Stanley, Jr.).

The Board first noted that '[i[t is the Examining Attorney’s burden to show, prima facie, that a mark is merely descriptive of an applicant’s goods or services.” Fat Boys, 2016 TTAB LEXIS 150, at *5.

“The major reasons for not protecting [merely descriptive] marks are: (1) to prevent the owner of a mark from inhibiting competition in the sale of particular goods [or services]; and (2) to maintain freedom of the public to use the language involved, thus avoiding the possibility of harassing infringement suits by the registrant against others who use the mark when advertising or describing their own products [or services].” Abcor Dev. Corp., 588 F.2d at 813 (citation omitted).

Examining Attorney Wade Speake relied on dictionary definitions of "turnkey" (ready for immediate use) and on numerous third‑party uses of "turnkey" and "turnkey storage" to describe ready‑to‑use storage services. Applicant's own website stated that it wants the customer’s "storage experience to be a valuable, turnkey experience."

As mentioned, the Board gave little weight to the testimony of applicant's expert witness "on factual or legal grounds beyond general statements about marketing or branding."

While Professor Bond may be an expert in marketing and branding, it is apparent from a review of his testimonial declaration that he is not an expert in trademark matters much less on the registrability of trademarks under the Trademark Act and the problems and considerations related thereto. This is readily apparent from his inability to appreciate the difference between the Examining Attorney’s refusal based on mere descriptiveness and his genericness advisory, and his reference to “trademarking” as a verb. [emphasis supplied].

Having no doubt as to the mere descritpiveness of the proposed mark, the Board next addressed applicant's Section 2(f) claim of acquired distinctiveness.

Deeming TURNKEY STORAGE to be "highly descriptive" of applicant's services, the Board observed that "[a]ccordingly, while secondary meaning is not impossible to prove, Applicant bears a heightened burden to establish acquired distinctiveness."

Reviewing the CAFC's Converse factors, the Board began by finding applicant's ten years' of use insufficient.

[T]he passage of time alone may not suffice to bestow on the applied-for mark the mantle of distinctiveness. See, e.g., In re Ennco Display Sys., Inc., No. 74439206, 2000 TTAB LEXIS 235, at *23 (“Applicant’s length of use ranging from approximately seven to seventeen years is simply insufficient, in itself, to bestow acquired distinctiveness.”). This is especially true for highly descriptive matter, for which even lengthy use may be inadequate.

Furthermore, the evidence of third-party use of “TURNKEY STORAGE” or variations thereof indicated that applicant's use of the mark had not been "substantially exclusive," as required by Section 2(f).

Applicant's evidence of $1.2 million spent in advertising and promoting the TURNKEY STORAGE mark, and its sales revenue of $38 million was not placed in industry context, diminishing its impact. "Without benchmarks − such as market share, relative ranking, or comparative spend − it is unclear whether the cited numbers are substantial, modest, or otherwise impactful within the industry."

The testimony of applicant's expert on this issue did not provide the basis for his opinion that applicant’s advertising and sales are "sufficient to prove acquired distinctiveness for a highly descriptive mark." Finally, a single media artice from nine years ago had minimal probative value.

And so, the Board affirmed the refusal.

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TTABlogger comment: WYHA? Understandable why the examining attorney issued a genericness advisory.

Text Copyright John L. Welch 2025.

The Top Ten TTAB Decisions of 2025 (Part Two)

The TTABlogger has once again gone out on a limb to chose the ten (10) TTAB decisions that he considers to be the most important and/or interesting from the previous calendar year (2025). This is the second of two posts; the first five selections are posted here. Additional commentary on each case may be found at the linked TTABlog post.

In re Princeton Equity Group LLC, 2025 USPQ2d 829 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Thomas L. Casagrande) [TTABlogged here]. The Board wasted little time in affirming a Section 2(e)(2) refusal to register the mark PRINCETON EQUITY GROUP, agreeing with the Office that the mark is primarily geographically descriptive of applicant’s financial services. The Board was more concerned about applicant’s arguments on appeal, or lack thereof, and particularly with applicant’s attempt to incorporate its prosecution arguments by reference. In its brief, applicant’s only remark specifically directed to the refusal was to state that it “repeats and reiterates the arguments and evidence set forth” during prosecution of the application. The Board was not happy: “this is an insufficient presentation of whatever arguments Applicant may have contemplated.” “Its statement leaves it to the Board to ferret out what applicant’s argument might be, and acceptance of such an incorporation-by-reference might encourage circumvention of the 25-page limit on appeal briefs.” Although the Board made an attempt to identify what arguments applicant had it mind, it made it clear that in the future, “[p]arties whose briefs purport to incorporate by reference arguments made during prosecution will be held to have failed thereby to present whatever arguments the incorporation statement purports to cover to the Board and will be deemed to have forfeited them.”

August Storck KG v. Florend Indústria e Comércio de Chocolates LTDA, Opposition No. 91277224 (TTAB November 14, 2025) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Wendy B. Cohen) [TTABlogged here]. August Stork KG opposed an application to register the mark DANKE in the stylized form shown here, for “chocolate; chocolate bars,” claiming likelihood of confusion with its registered mark MERCI for “chocolate and chocolates.” The Board, applying the doctrine of foreign equivalents, found that both marks mean “thank you” in English, a message “widely used in the industry and pervasively associated with chocolate.” “Further, when it comes to commercial impression, because the marks are derived from different foreign languages and have distinct appearances and pronunciations, we find the marks are somewhat dissimilar overall in commercial impression, despite sharing an identical meaning.” The Board was not convinced by Storck’s argument that these differences are outweighed by the marks’ “exact same connotation and meaning,” particularly because the shared meaning is a common message related to chocolate. Instead, it found that the differences in sound and appearance and the differences in commercial impression outweighed the marks’ identical meaning and weighed strongly against a finding of likelihood of confusion.

Chutter, Inc. v. Great Management Group, LLC and Great Concepts, LLC, Cancellation No. 92061951 (TTAB February 25, 2025) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Michael B. Adlin) [TTABlogged here]. Last year, a divided panel of the CAFC reversed the TTAB’s precedential decision granting Chutter’s petition for cancellation of a registration for the mark DANTANNA’S for restaurant services, on the ground of fraud. The CAFC concluded that “a Section 14 cancellation proceeding is not available as a remedy for a fraudulent Section 15 incontestability declaration,” and it remanded the case to the Board for consideration of “whether to declare that Great Concepts’ mark does not enjoy incontestable status and to evaluate whether to impose other sanctions on Great Concepts or its attorney.” On remand, the Board noted the CAFC’S holding that “the Board can remove the mark’s incontestability status,” and that’s what the Board did. That’s all the Board did. “We find that removal of the registered mark’s incontestability status is necessary and appropriate. We decline, however, to refer the practitioner’s conduct to the Director of the Office of Enrollment and Discipline pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 11.18(c)(2) and 37 C.F.R. § 2.193(f) for action under 37 C.F.R. §11.19 et seq. given the passage of time and the specific circumstances of this case.” The Board subsequently terminated the cancellation proceeding.

JT Spirits, LLC v. Global Brands Manufacturing, S.A. de C.V., Cancellation No. 92079052 (TTAB July 18, 2025) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Robert Lavache) [TTABlogged here]. In what appears to be the Board’s first decision regarding a Section 14(6) nonuse cancellation claim, the Board denied this petition for cancellation of a registration for the mark DESPACITO for alcoholic beverages (except beer). The registration was more than four years old when the petition was filed, and Respondent Global Brands had never used the mark in commerce for any of the identified goods. However, Global argued that its nonuse was excusable. The Board noted that it lacked Board precedent and any other binding case law addressing this relatively new Section of the Trademark Act. It looked to the legislative history of the ex parte nonuse exception, which indicates that the “circumstances that satisfy excusable nonuse are limited and must be due to special circumstances beyond the registrant’s control (e.g., trade embargo, fire or other catastrophe).” Global Brands asserted that the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted its plans to begin exporting DESPACITO-branded products from Mexico to the U.S. and that this disruption qualified for an exception under Section 14(6). The Board plowed through the evidentiary record and concluded that Global had established that its nonuse of the DESPACITO mark on the identified goods was excusable.

In re Solace Cine LLC, Serial Nos. 98558485, 98558583, and 98558650 (December 18, 2025) [not precedential] (Opinion by Judge Elizabeth A. Dunn) [TTABlogged here]. The Board affirmed refusals to register the mark shown below, along with two similar marks, for film production and streaming services, on the ground that the applicant failed to provide its domicile address as required by Section 1(a)(2) of the Trademark Act and by Rule 2.189. Solace provided the address of its counsel’s law firm, but with no statement that the law firm address was Solace’s principal place of business. That was unacceptable. Rule 2.2(p) states: “[t]he term principal place of business as used in this part means the location of a juristic entity’s headquarters where the entity’s senior executives or officers ordinarily direct and control the entity’s activities and is usually the center from where other locations are controlled.” “Despite being given ample opportunity to do so, or to petition for a waiver of the requirement, Applicant did not provide its domicile address or seek such a waiver. Counsel’s law firm address, with no statement that the law firm address was Applicant’s principal place of business, was insufficient.” Furthermore, Solace did not state that it lacks a fixed physical address. If that were the case, Solace had various response options. TMEP § 601.01(c)(iv)(a). “However, none of these options include listing a law firm.”

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Text Copyright John L. Welch 2026.

The Top Ten TTAB Decisions of 2025 (Part One)

The TTABlogger has once again gone out on a limb to chose the ten TTAB (Tee-Tee-Ā-Bee) decisions that he considers to be the most important and/or interesting from the previous calendar year (2025). Note that six of the opinions are precedential and four are not (there were only eleven precedential opinions in 2025). This is the first of two posts; the first five selections are set out below. Additional commentary on each case may be found at the linked TTABlog post. The cases are not necessarily listed in order of importance (whatever that means).

Plumrose Holding Ltd. v. USA Ham LLC, 2025 USPQ2d 116 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Thomas L. Casagrande) [TTABlogged here]. Ruling that the potential harm to Opposer Plumrose Holding's reputation in the United States was alone sufficient to provide “standing” despite lack of use of its marks in this country, the Board sustained an opposition to registration of the mark LA MONTSERRATINA (shown first below) for ham, sausage, and other meat products, on the ground of misrepresentation of source under Section 14(3) of the Trademark Act. Opposer’s Venezuelan company has sold meat products in Venezuela since 1949 under the LA MONTSERRATINA mark, and since 2011 under the mark shown second below. “[T]he multiple consumer inquiries about the availability of Opposer’s products in the U.S., and especially the instances of actual confusion . . . show quite clearly that Opposer’s reputation for products under its mark extends to the U.S.” and that “Applicant’s copying capitalizes on that reputation.” The Board firmly rejected USA Ham’s argument that there can be no reputational injury unless there is evidence that consumers had “negative experiences” with its products and associate those negative experiences with Plumrose. “[T]he harm generated by loss of control over one’s reputation falls within the purview of the Lanham Act. Section 45, 15 U.S.C. § 1127.”

CandyVerse, LLC v. Zeeth Ltd., 2025 USPQ2d 1402 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] [TTABlogged here]. In this opposition to registration of the mark CANDYVERSE for confectionary products, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the only contested issue: priority. Applicant Zeeth Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company, relied on the filing date of its European Union application as the basis for its Section 44(d) priority claim. The dispute boiled down to whether the British Virgin Islands, a self-governing British overseas territory, “extends reciprocal rights to nationals of the United States by law[.]” Zeeth conceded that the British Virgin Islands is not a party to a relevant treaty or agreement with the United States, but it argued that the Virgin Islands Trade Marks Act (“VITMA”) extends reciprocal priority rights to U.S. nationals and thus enables Zeeth to enjoy a right to priority under Section 44(d). The Board observed that “[w]hether a foreign nation extends reciprocal rights of priority to U.S. nationals pursuant to Section 44(b) is an issue of first impression.” Reviewing the VITMA, the Board concluded that it does extend reciprocal rights, and so the Board granted Zeeth’s motion for summary judgment, contingent upon Zeeth’s establishment of constructive use - i.e., subject to the issuance of a registration to Zeeth. [Note that Zeeth cannot rely on a registration issuing from the EU application as a Section 44(e) basis for registration because the EU is not its home country. Nor can it rely on a BVI registration because BVI is not a party to an agreement with the U.S. It will have to rely on use in commerce as a basis for registration].

In re Jimenez, 2025 USPQ2d 1355 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Angela Lykos) [TTABlogged here]. The Board reversed a Section 2(d) refusal to register the mark GASPER ROOFING [ROOFING disclaimed], finding confusion unlikely with the registered mark JASPER CONTRACTORS [CONTRACTORS disclaimed], both for roofing services. The Board rejected the examining attorney’s argument that GASPER and JASPER might be pronounced the same: “Because neither GASPER or JASPER is a coined term, case law . . . does not require us to find that these two terms may be pronounced in an identical manner.” The evidence established that “Gasper” is a surname that begins with the letter strings “G-a-s” and “G-a-s-p,” each of which forms the words “gas” and “gasp,” recognized in U.S. English, and pronounced with a hard letter “g” sound. The dictionary entry for “jasper” further showed that it is pronounced with the soft letter “j.” Moreover, the evidence supported a finding that “roofing service purchases may involve multiple steps and may be complex. As a result, even the least sophisticated consumer is likely to exercise an elevated level of care.” The Board concluded that “the dissimilarity of the marks in sound, appearance, meaning and commercial impression is sufficiently great that, coupled with an elevated level of purchaser care, [it] outweighs the identical nature of the services, trade channels and classes of consumers.”

In re Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla, 2025 USPQ2d 1291 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Elizabeth K. Brock) [TTABlogged here]. Consent agreements “may carry great weight” in the Section 2(d) analysis, but not this time. The Board affirmed a refusal to register the mark GASPARILLA, finding confusion likely with the registered mark GASPARILLA TREASURES, both for beverageware and clothing. Applicant contested only one of the DuPont factors, maintaining that, under the 10th factor, its consent agreement with the cited registrant sufficed to fend off the refusal. Not so, said the Board. Consent agreements play a significant role in the DuPont analysis, since the parties to the agreement are in a “better position to know the real life situation than bureaucrats or judges.” Here, the involved marks are “highly similar” and the goods overlapping. There was “no indication that the goods will travel in separate trade channels, nor any agreement that the parties will sell in separate trade channels or otherwise restrict their fields of use.” Furthermore, the Consent Agreement contains no provision regarding display of the marks. The marks would have been in concurrent use for only about one year at the time the Consent Agreement was executed. The Board concluded that “the Consent Agreement simply does not rise to the level of one of the 'more detailed agreements' to be given 'substantial' weight."

SawStop, LLC v. Felder KG, 2025 USPQ2d 1063 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Robert Lavache) [TTABlogged here]. In a fact-intensive ruling, the Board rendered a split decision in this opposition to registration of the mark PCS for woodworking stations that include table saws and other components. Opposer SawStop alleged lack of bona fide intent and likelihood of confusion with its identical common law mark for table saws. The Board dismissed the Section 2(d) claim for failure to prove priority and sustained in part the lack-of-bona-fide-intent claim. SawStop’s common law mark, used primarily as a model designation, was not inherently distinctive and SawStop failed to establish that the mark had acquired distinctiveness prior to Felder’s priority date, and so the Section 2(d) claim was dismissed. As for the lack-of-bona-fide intent claim, SawStop made a prima facie case based on the absence of documentary evidence of Felder’s intent to use the mark. However, Felder’s witness testified that, after it filed the subject application, its saws were shown at a trade show, it accepted sales deposits, it produced a Facebook video displaying the PCS mark, and it took some orders for its systems. The Board, noting that actions taken after the filing of an application may corroborate the applicant’s bona fide intent as of its filing date, ruled that Felder “had the requisite bona fide intent, at least as to table saws, at the time [it] filed its application.”

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Text Copyright John L. Welch 2026.

CAFC Affirms TTAB's HERE COMES THE JUDGE Section 2(d) Decision

Michael P. Chisena struck out again in this appeal from the Board's April 2023 decision [TTABlogged here] sustaining an opposition to his applications to register the word marks ALL RISE and HERE COMES THE JUDGE and the design mark shown below, for "clothing, namely, t-shirts, shirts, shorts, pants, sweatshirts, sweatpants, jackets, jerseys, athletic uniforms, and caps." The Board found the proposed marks to be confusingly similar to the opposers' previously used marks for overlapping goods, and so it sustained the opposition under Section 2(d). The CAFC concluded that substantial evidence supported the Board's finding of priority, and it rejected Chisena's claim that the word marks fail to function as source indicators. Chisena v. Major League Baseball Players Association, Aaron Judge, Appeal No. 23-2073 (Fed. Cir. January 8, 2026) [not precedential].

The Board first noted that Chisena, as a pro se litigant, "is afforded a liberal reading of his filings." However, testimony and documents considered by the Board established that "multiple officially licensed products bearing Justice's personal indicia and judicial phrases or symbols" were available before Chisena's first used date (his filing dates).

Chisena argued that the opposers did not adequately "plead" their marks, but the court concluded that Chisena was given "fair notice of the claimed marks and the basis of [their] priority claims." He contended that the marks ALL RISE and HERE COME THE JUDGE are not inherently distinctive and therefore ineligible for protection, but the court agreed with the Board that the marks are distinctive: they are arbitrary and are not merely surnames or "nicknames."

Finally, Chisena maintained that the word marks fail to function as trademarks. However, opposer submitted substantial evidence [media articles, the formation of "Judge's Chambers" in right field at Yankee Stadium, and "judicially-themed" apparel indicating a connection with Judge] that the marks served as source indicators, "as customers who would encounter those marks on apparel would associate them with Judge."

And so, the CAFC upheld the Board's decision.

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TTABlogger comment: Bronx bummer?

Text Copyright John L. Welch 2025.

In 2025, How Often Did the TTAB Affirm Section 2(e)(1) Mere Descriptiveness/Disclaimer Refusals?

By my count, in 2025 the Board issued final decisions in 57 appeals from Section 2(e)(1) mere descriptiveness refusals or from disclaimer requirements based on mere descriptiveness. The Board affirmed 53 of the refusals and reversed four. That's an affirmance rate of about 93%. None of the opinions were deemed precedential.

Set out below is a bar chart showing the recent history of Section 2(e)(1) mere descriptiveness appeals. Affirmances continue to hover around 90%. Why so many failures? I suspect some or many of these doomed applications are driven by marketing types looking for an edge.

Click on image for larger picture

The four reversals were for the terms BAKERY and GROOMING (SN 97750068), ATELIER (SN 98044168), NATIVE NATIONS CANNABIS (SN 97419333), and GHOSTWRITTEN (SN 98199104).

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Text Copyright John L. Welch 2026.

In 2025, What Was The Rate of TTAB Affirmance of Section 2(d) Refusals to Register?

The TTABlogger once again has taken a stab at estimating the percentage of Section 2(d) likelihood-of-confusion refusals that were affirmed by the Board in the past calendar year. I counted 206 decisions, of which 186 were affirmances and 20 were reversals. That's an affirmance rate of 90%. Two of the decisions (discussed briefly below) were deemed precedential.

Set out immediately below is a bar chart showing the history of Section 2(d) appeals over the last dozen or so years. Given the way the Section 2(d) cards are stacked against the applicant, it's not surprising that the percentage tends to stay near 90%. The "heavy weight" given the first DuPont factor when the involved marks are identical or nearly so, the lowering of the standard for the first factor when the goods or services are identical, the presumptions regarding channels of trade and classes of consumers, the frequent discarding of third-party registration and use evidence, the "least sophisticated purchaser" test, and the registrant's benefit-of-the-doubt often frustrate these appeals.

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The two precedential rulings were the following:

In In re Jimenez, 2025 USPQ2d 1355 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Angela Lykos) [TTABlogged here], the Board reversed a refusal to register the mark GASPER ROOFING [ROOFING disclaimed], finding confusion unlikely with the registered mark JASPER CONTRACTORS [CONTRACTORS disclaimed], both for roofing services. The Board rejected the examining attorney’s argument that GASPER and JASPER might be pronounced the same: “Because neither GASPER or JASPER is a coined term, case law . . . does not require us to find that these two terms may be pronounced in an identical manner.” The evidence established that “Gasper” is a surname that begins with the letter strings “G-a-s” and “G-a-s-p,” each of which forms the words “gas” and “gasp,” recognized in U.S. English, and pronounced with a hard letter “g” sound. The dictionary entry for “jasper” further showed that it is pronounced with the soft letter “j.” Moreover, the evidence supported a finding that “roofing service purchases may involve multiple steps and may be complex. As a result, even the least sophisticated consumer is likely to exercise an elevated level of care.” The Board concluded that “the dissimilarity of the marks in sound, appearance, meaning and commercial impression is sufficiently great that, coupled with an elevated level of purchaser care, [it] outweighs the identical nature of the services, trade channels and classes of consumers.”

In In re Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla, 2025 USPQ2d 1291 (TTAB 2025) [precedential] (Opinion by Judge Elizabeth K. Brock). [TTABlogged here]. Consent agreements “may carry great weight” in the Section 2(d) analysis, but not this time. The Board affirmed a refusal to register the mark GASPARILLA, finding confusion likely with the registered mark GASPARILLA TREASURES, both for beverageware and clothing. Applicant contested only one of the DuPont factors, maintaining that, under the 10th factor, its consent agreement with the cited registrant sufficed to fend off the refusal. Not so, said the Board. Consent agreements play a significant role in the DuPont analysis, since the parties to the agreement are in a “better position to know the real life situation than bureaucrats or judges.” Here, the involved marks are “highly similar” and the goods overlapping. There was “no indication that the goods will travel in separate trade channels, nor any agreement that the parties will sell in separate trade channels or otherwise restrict their fields of use.” Furthermore, the Consent Agreement contains no provision regarding display of the marks. The marks would have been in concurrent use for only about one year at the time the Consent Agreement was executed. The Board concluded that “the Consent Agreement simply does not rise to the level of one of the 'more detailed agreements' to be given 'substantial' weight."

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Text Copyright John L. Welch 2026.

The TTAB Issued 11 Precedential Opinions in 2025

Over the past four years, the Board has issued between 30 and 38 precedential rulings per year. In 2025, the Board issued 11. One might ask, why the drop-off?

Section 2(d) - Likelihood of Confusion:

• Precedential No. 11: TTAB Awards Section 44(d) Priority to Domiciliary of British Virgin Islands Based on Reciprocity, Grants Summary Judgment Motion Contingent on Ultimate Registration
• Precedential No. 9: Affirming GASPARILLA Section 2(d) Refusal, TTAB Rejects Flimsy Consent Agreement
• Precedential No. 10: TTAB Explains How to Submit Video Evidence, Reverses 2(d) Refusal of GASPER ROOFING Over JASPER CONTRACTORS
• Precedential No. 7: Opposer Fails to Prove Distinctiveness of its Common Law Mark, Loses 2d Opposition on Priority

Lack of Bona Fide Intent:

• Precedential No. 8: TTAB Shuts Down "THE HOTEL EL ROBLAR" Application Due to Lack of Bona Fide Intent
• Precedential No. 4: TTAB Sustains Opposition to CUADRA for Alcoholic Beverage Due to Lack of Bona Fide Intent

Entitlement to a Statutory Cause of Action:

• Precedential No. 2: TTAB Sustains Section 14(3) Opposition to LA MONTSERRATINA for Meat Products Based on Reputation in USA Without Use

Discovery/Evidence/Procedure:

• Precedential No. 6: TTAB Refuses to Add Affirmative Defense of Abandonment but Allows Addition as Counterclaims
• Precedential No. 3: Dismissal with Prejudice but Without Judgment Suffices for Claim Preclusion Defense

Prosecution Issues:

• Precedential No. 5: TTAB Will Not Accept Incorporation-By-Reference of An Appellant's Prosecution Arguments
• Precedential No. 1: TTAB Upholds USPTO Objections to Over-Inclusive Drawings for Watch Configuration Marks

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Text Copyright John L. Welch 2026.